If someone is in front of you today, trying to deceive you, no matter whether his purpose is to cheat money, cheat, or purely want to satisfy personal selfishness, we want to ask you to see, in a hundred
battle, how many times can you successfully find out?Write your answer below: Among the 100 people who speak, I think I can correctly distinguish the _____ times.
Although we don't know you, the number you wrote will be close to fifty. If you want to guess more accurately, it should be about fifty-five. This number looks very high at first glance, but this recognition rate is actually the same as a copper plate.
We have mentioned that research has found that humans are not good at identifying the right words. This conclusion is not only for the general public, but also for those who are promising by discernmental stating —— like police and judges. In addition, age, gender and education cannot effectively improve the accuracy of our discernment. Even people who think they are very good at discerning are not very high. However, there was also an exception in a study that mentioned that the better a person speaks, the better he is to identify the right words, and the accuracy rate can reach 65%.
This is what we want to explore in the next part: everyone may be cheated, even if you are a doctor, teacher, or university student... it is no exception. The professional psychologist who is regarded as "insight of people's hearts" by the public may also be the target of being cheated.
Back to the field of "decision psychology" in psychology, a large amount of data shows that when making decisions, humans often experience the phenomenon of "overconfidence". It is often just a mistake to think that you are less likely to be cheated than others, and to think that you are good at identifying literacy. This phenomenon is actually very common. I believe everyone occasionally thinks, "Oh my God, this is too stupid! Will you be cheated?" "Ah, can you cheat people with such a technique? It's too irritating..." However, it's not a false statement when the situation is lost; for those who are in the "in-the-counter", the careful planning of the group's team will be filled with elements of rationality and emotion, which will make people fall into it step by step without feeling self-conscious.
Overcome confidence can cause problems. Illusion of asymmetric insight
This refers to people who often have a "think they know more". Although it is said that "knowledge is power", "if you think you have it, you actually don't have such a lot of knowledge" will easily make us neglect. People just understand some concepts and think that they "understand", which is why the group succeeds. Our "understanding" is actually very difficult. As long as we don't notice it for a while, we may not even know it. We also think that our views and actions are correct, and we think, "I will not be deceived!"
hindsight biasNeal Roese, a social psychologist at Northwestern University's Kelog School of Management, once had a good reminder: "If you think you knew what happened long ago, it means you won't stop and check, why did something really happen."
And this is the danger of "hindsight bias". Looking at each case with a clear mindset will make us feel sensible about these cases. Of course, there is nothing to dig deeper into, so we will not explore the reasons why the victims are actually cheated.
What is the best way to crack the insights? It is to think about it, "Will I be deceived by such a scammer under certain circumstances?" This way of thinking is called "counter-factual thinking", which can help us jump out of the standpoint we think we know, and instead find information that we have not found in these cases.
Counter-factual thinking can be simply divided into two types. One is "upward hypothesis", thinking about what has happened, and if what conditions are met, a better result than the real result will occur. What we can ask is that in these cases, if there are some places that "consider it", the victims will not be cheated in the end?
Another type of "downward hypothesis" is more like what we expect everyone to think about. If you are the protagonist, under what circumstances will you be deceived by such a trick? Under normal circumstances, everyone is more reluctant to "speak badly about themselves" to think about this possibility, but research shows that practicing downward hypothetical counterfactual thinking in life can actually increase our happiness! After all, we were really not cheated.
curse of knowledgeThe curse of knowledge means that after we understand certain concepts, it is difficult to understand the same thing as those who "do not understand these concepts" and do not know how to communicate with them well. But in fact, the people who are eager to slap the group are not only us, but also our growth, and those children who seem to be growing up but may not be independent and mature. Therefore, it is very important to avoid the curse of knowledge not only helps you, but also helps the people around you.
Free-will illusion
Most of the time, we will think that every behavior and word of our behavior is derived from "free will". I am going to buy this book today, I am the one who made this decision, and I am the one who read it here today. However, psychologists have long discovered that human consciousness is actually a vast field, with the "consciousness itself" we are able to contact and the "despite consciousness" that we cannot reach, which deeply affects each of our determined "despite".
In the famous book "Fast Thoughts and Slow Thoughts", psychologist Dannyer. Daniel Kahneman continues the psychologist's Qisi. Keith E. Stanovich and Richard. Richard West's approach divides the brain thinking system into "system one" and "system two".
System 1 represents the more reflective and direct layer in our thinking (for example, please quickly calculate: "8× how much is 7?"), and system 2 represents the rational thinking after careful logic and step-by-step analysis (for example, please quickly calculate: "6× 5+34− 20÷ 5"?).
Free will errors are very common. Connerman pointed out that most people think that their judgments are made after careful thinking (that is, the cause of system 2), but with many psychological effects, they are actually all systems that are responsible for thinking directly. Moreover, in many cases, the system is really easy to use. We can respond quickly without any effort. The system that is responsible for thinking in a difficult way is often carried out directly through system decisions.
"Free Will Error" means that we mistakenly believe that the straightforward "system one" does not exist, and every decision we make is a secret "system two" that is carefully thought out.
For the brain, the two systems of thinking in a deep way cost a lot of energy, which hits the weakness of many Taiwanese: we don’t like thinking in a difficult way. When we spend our days with a system of intuitive thinking, it is actually more labor-saving and doesn’t have to think too much, but in many cases this kind of "sneak" makes the robbery group have the opportunity to take advantage of. Although the system of thinking directly is not "forever" error, when facing the careful calculation of the group's secret techniques, various "system-unique system errors" are always something that system two should be avoided. Too much of our "decision" is completely in our own mind, in our minds, and in our system two, which is actually a kind of overconfidence. We think we can always react rationally, but the fact is that every brain has its limitations, and our brains are composed of rationality and irrationality.
Book Introduction
Your book name: Did you get cheated today? Psychologists teach you how to crack the tricks
Author: Lin Yuxuan, Zhou Yuxiang, Su Yiqian
Publisher: Times Publishing
Publication date: 2020/06/23
Author introduction
Lin Yuxuan
Clinical psychologist at the Institute of Psychology of the First Color Psychology, a psychology student at the University of Political Science. Specializes in treating depression and anxiety, social anxiety, and physical and mental health promotion. Live well with a case using the concept of psychology. Contact information: clinpsylin@gmail.com
Zhou Yuxiang
Xintian Psychological Treatment Clinician, a psychology student at Taiwan University. Specialists are for the training of family communication, socialization, empathy and thinking/learning training, and psychological treatment for children and adolescents. Dedicated to applying psychology in life and positively affect more people. Contact information: yhchou16@gmail.com
Suyifeng
Clinical psychologist at the Institute of Psychology of the First Serum, a psychology student at the University of Political Science. Specialists are corporate and professional psychology, emotional and stress management, and psychological treatment for adults and adolescents. In addition to clinical work, he is often invited to speak in enterprises, public departments, and campuses, and hundreds of lectures are held every year. Works: "Practice is not stressful", "Practice is not happy? ! 》, "Are you really going to have a good rest?" 》 (co-authored) and other popular science books from psychology majors. Contact information: psy.su.tw@gmail.com